Sugar Cane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sugar Cane - Essay Example Presumably the most fundamental commitment of understanding the birthplaces of the plant in world history is describing the concealment of Africans who became slaves in the quest for providing the requirements for the plant's items. Sugar stick has been known for in any event 2200 years going back from the ascent of Alexander the Greta when his military saw the plant during the success of India in 326 BC (Purseglove, 1979). The revelation of Arabs and Greeks on the capability of sugar stick juices to substitute to the famously utilized nectar was a defining moment to the spread of the plant. Western development of Arabs in the seventh and eighth hundreds of years denoted the presentation of sugar in Europe and the West (Heiser, 1981). It is a sub-tropical and tropical plant that develops well on spots with vigorous flexibly of daylight and water - inasmuch as the plant's underlying foundations are not waterlogged (Deerr, 1949). Purgloves (1979) accounts that sugar stick was initially developed for the sole reason for biting in tremendous domains of Asia and the Pacific. The skin was expelled and the inward tissues sucked or bit to separate the sugar and squeeze substance on it. As indicated by the record, creati on of sweet results of the plant by heating up the stick juice was first found in Quite a while, in all probability during the main thousand years BC. It is in the reason for this paper sugar yield would describe the sugar stick items to concentrate on the financial aspects of the product on which the plant has been basically known and utilized because of its properties to create a sweet substance in whatever structure. Preparing of sugar sticks in the case of following the old methodology or the current present day procedure begins with gathering. Gathering of the sugar stick is done through cleaving down the stems. Where conceivable the stick is terminated before collecting to expel the dead leaf material and a portion of the waxy covering. The fire consumes at very high temperatures however is observed to last just for a brief period with the goal that the stick and its sugar are not hurt (www.food-info.net). Collecting is finished by hand during the prior days yet has been finished with machine starting eighteenth century. First phase of preparing is the extraction of stick juice. Bubbling was the fundamental extraction system during the fifteenth century (Purseglove, 1979). With the overhaul of procedures before the nineteenth century, extraction of sugar stick juice incorporated the evacuation of abundance water using machines and tidying up the juice with slaked lime (www.sucrose.com). Simila rly as with the conventional way, dissipation comes next in the process by thickening up the juice in the syrup by evacuating the water through bubbling. In prior years, leaving it as syrup or evaporating the water under the sun or through steaming and having grungy precious stones would have gotten the job done and the way toward delivering the finished result would have finished (Heiser, 1981). With the appearance of machines, even the straightforward customary ones, crystallization happens through careful techniques of bubbling. Subsequent to making the item fit for capacity, affination comes close to constantly refine the final result described to be essentially as sugar. The end

Corporate Governance and Shareholder Litigation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Examine about the Corporate Governance and Shareholder Litigation. Answer: Presentation: The general guideline of law that is material in the current case gives that the articles of Association of organization tie the individuals from the organization just as the individuals themselves. Subsequently, it very well may be said that the articles add up to an agreement that has been. The organization and its individuals in regards to the rights and liabilities forced on individuals from an enterprise. Subsequently, the law permits a part the organization a similar route as the organization may sue the individuals so as to uphold or control a penetrate of the articles. Along these lines the law gives that the organization is bound to its individuals to the entirety of the articles (Crosling and Murphy, 2009). Then again, if there is a penetrate of the articles by the organization, in such a case the individuals can control the organization and for this reason may bring an order against the company. These arrangements have likewise been given impact by the enterprises law. The refore, it has been given by area 140 of the of the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) that the impact of the Constitution of the organization can be portrayed as an agreement under seal that has been made between (I) the organization and every individual from the organization (ii) The organization and its executives, just as the organization secretary, and furthermore (iii) The individuals from the organizations themselves. As to authoritative impact of Constitution of the organization, it should be noticed that this impact is confined to specific conditions. Hence, the custom-based law doesn't give any rights to some other individual in some other limit (Shapira, 2003). A case of the circumstance was seen in Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd (1876). For this situation, the organization has selected Eley as its specialist forever. In any case, later on, he additionally turned into an individual from the enterprise. His arrangement as the specialist of the organization was likewise re ferenced in the articles of Association of organization. At last, Eley was expelled from his situation as the organization's specialist. Under these conditions, he chose to the organization for the break of agreement. It was held by the court that no rights were presented on Eley because of the articles of organization, in any way, other than his ability as an individual from the organization (Ramsay, 1992). The explanation that these eyes have not been influenced, the court expressed that the activity will fail. Under the precedent-based law, the articles of Association of the organization are considered as an agreement that has been made between the organization and its individuals. This view was additionally been arranged by area 140(1)(a). Similarly, a case of the situation in such manner under the precedent-based law can be given as Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-reproducers Association (1915). For this situation, it was referenced in the articles of Association of the or ganization that if there should arise an occurrence of a contest between the individuals and the organization, yet this should be alluded to assertion under the steady gaze of starting court procedures. In any case, Hickman, legitimately started court activity without alluding the issue to an authority. Thus, the organization end up being fruitful in acquiring a stay of these procedures. It was held by the court that the notice and the articles of Association of the organization added up to an agreement made between the organization and every one of its individuals. Such agreement in the implemented by the organization just as by the individuals. Hence, it was expressed by the court that when certain rights are indicated to be given to an outcast in his ability thusly, regardless of whether the individual along these lines turns into a part, such pariah can't sue the organization based on these articles, thinking of them as an agreement between the individual and the organization so as to authorize these rights (James, 2013). In this way the law gives that no rights can be implemented against the organization, if such right is implied to be presented on such individual by any article of the organization, regardless of whether the individual is a part or not, and in any press the other than as an individual from the organization, for instance as a specialist, executive or advertiser. Under these conditions, it tends to be reasoned that Max can't implement the laws this was the point at which the Constitution of Chocolate Cleaning Products Pty Ltd. what's more, as indicated by which, Max will remain the specialist of the organization forever and he can't be expelled aside from if there should arise an occurrence of carelessness. The purpose for this end is that for this situation Max needs to authorize the statement in his ability other than the individual from the organization. Max won't uphold the proviso as an individual from the organization yet he needs to implement the laws in his situation as the organization's specialist. Subsequently, in such a case, it can't be considered as an agreement between the organization and Max. Consequently, Max can't authorize the condition referenced in the Constitution of Chocolate Cleaning Products Pty Ltd. The issue in this inquiry is if Max can keep the organization from including a proviso which permits the executives to dispossess his offers, albeit a unique goals has been passed by different investors. There are sure principles present in the organizations law that have been created so as to ensure the minority individuals from the organization on the off chance that they need to confront harsh lead. The term minority persecution incorporates the lead that is represented by area 232 of the Corporations Act. So as to manage such lead, the courts have been given broad powers so that truly might be given to an investor was to manage abusive direct (Whincop, 2001). Harsh direct happens, for instance, when the undertakings of the organization, including any proposed or genuine act or oversight or goals happens so that is against the interests of the investors of the enterprise in general or if the lead can be portrayed as severe, unfair or biased against the investor. Under these conditions, segment 232 of Corporations Act manages the lead of the chiefs because of which the minority investors may need to confront business shamefulness. The arrangements of segment 232 are sufficiently wide and no limitations have been set on what might be considered as harsh direct. To see whether the direct can be portrayed as a procedure, the courts apply a goal test. So as to do as such, the courts are required to consider if the specific direct likewise be considered as out of line by any sensible individual. In any case, the lead can't be depicted as abusive. Just thing to reason that such lead is biased or biased for a minority investor. Consequently it is likewise vital that there ought to be a component of injustice, present in the lead (Schreiner, 1979). Under these conditions, it tends to be guaranteed that in the current case, the lead of the lion's share investors of the organization is harsh and unreasonably biased to Max. Along these lines, Max can look for a request from the court, forestalling the consideration of the condition, which permits the executives of Chocolate Cleaning Products Pty Ltd to confiscate the portions of the minority investors, albeit such goals has been passed by different investors of the organization. The issue in the current case is if the goals passed by the official chiefs of Aussie Boats Ltd (AB), as per which the organization was going to give extra offers so as to foil the takeover offer that would have been made by Millionaires on Water Ltd (MWB) can be treated as a break of obligation by these chiefs, especially taking into account the way that the takeover offer is being restricted by these executives to spare their own positions since it is realized that MWB ends the situation of official executives after it has finished a takeover while then again, for the most part the nonexecutive executives are held. Under these conditions, encourage should be given to Banjo if the official executives of AB have penetrated any of their fair or legal obligations. Various obligations have been forced on the executives. These obligations have been recommended by the precedent-based law and simultaneously, they have additionally been consolidated in the Corporations Act, 2001. Above all else, the chiefs owe these obligations towards the enterprise. The reason for these obligations can be found in the standards of sincere trust and responsibility (Hanrahan, 1997). The prerequisites forced on the executives by customary law and legal option to build up the parameters of this obligation however without confining the adaptability of these standards (Pentony, Graw, Parker and Whitford, 2012). The executives are required by the law to release their obligations keeping in see the eventual benefits of the company. For the most part this expression is deciphered as covering just the investors of the organization all in all. Be that as it may, while settling on choices for the benefit of the organization, by and large, the executives may need to manage a few clashing interests. Along these lines, during the ongoing years, the courts have been prepared to give more extension to the chiefs in considering the interests of different people who are influenced by the demonstrations of the organization without infringing on the rule which requires the executives to act to the greatest advantage of the organization (Chumir, 1965). It has been perceived by the courts that acting to the greatest advantage of the organization doesn't imply that the executives should ignore the interests of different partners like the workers, loan bosses and the network, who might be affected by the acti vities of organization. For the most part it is in the drawn out eventual benefits of the organization to consider these interests moreover. Under the current conditions, if the official chiefs of Aussie Boats have settled on a choice to counter the takeover offer made by MWB, just because of the explanation that it is realized that after the takeover, MWB cancels the situation of official executives, it very well may be said that there has been a penetrate of obligation by these di

Moms Weekend

Moms Weekend Hey guys, So as some of my current student readers already know, last weekend was Moms Weekend, and boy, what a weekend it was. Between running around, trying to show my mom all the attractions and sights she deemed fun, and trying to meet up with my friends and their moms, I feel like I saw more of campus than Ive seen in the last four years! But  it was well worth it. With my last remaining days as a student here at Illinois  dwindling down, Ive come to appreciate all of the things this school has to offer. So to be able to spend my last Moms Weekend with my friends and both of my parents was really special for me. And by the sight of the picture below, I think my mom had a good time herself. (Papa Miller, Mama Miller, and Me!) As kids, we might not always want our parents right up under us for whatever reason, but we should never take for granted the amazing opportunity it is to be able to share such experiences with them when we can. Until next time, Kenny Kenny Class of 2016 I’m in the Creative Writing program in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m originally from Tampa, Florida, but I’ve been calling Illinois my home since 1998. I’ve lived all over the Northwest suburbs, from Palatine to Lakemoor to where I currently live back home, Mundelein.

Hip Hop A Genre Of Music - 1431 Words

Hip hop is widely know as a genre of music that started in a New York City borough called the Bronx in the late 1970s, but it is more than just the music. Hip hop is a culture that consists of being a disc jockey which is also known as deejaying or turntabling, MCing or rhyming â€Å"rapping†, graffiti, fashion, and breakdancing. Hip hop was mostly an underground culture only know to the people living in the Bronx. Hip hop is a relatively new culture which fascinates most people because it of its somewhat aggressive musical performance and how hip hop artists express their feelings about society and how the government treats people of the Hip Hop culture. Hip hop was and is still known as poetry talking about anything from technology to†¦show more content†¦Look at all the money and the famous people.† People in the world, especially in America, thought New York City was heaven. But back then the Bronx was burning† (McDaniels). By this he means that most A mericans believed that New York City was a place where you know that you have become successful and are living a struggle free life because that was the disco culture that was going on. But, the Bronx was part of New York City, and in the Bronx they had a record of about Twelve thousand fires in a single year and everyone in the Bronx was struggling to keep on providing for their families. Some say due to the poor living situations that the kids in the Bronx were going through helped create hip hop, they would go to hip hop parties to take their mind off of everything that was going on in their living situation and thus expanding hip hop. DJ Kool Herc was known for throwing the first Hip hop party on August 11, 1973, which most people say birthed hip hop into what it is known for today. Whenever DJ Kool Herc threw a party he would never play any of the popular disco stuff that they would always play on the radio instead he would play soul music, which is what most black kids would listen to when they were growing up. Another thing to note is that DJ Kool Herc wasn’tShow MoreRelatedHip Hop And The Music Genre927 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Hip-Hop? According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Hip-Hop can be delineated as a music genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted.1 Originating from a disparaged subculture in the South Bronx and eagerly spreading through other sectors of New York City during the 1970’s, Hip-Hop evolved from formerly being a relatively fraudulent style to currently being a commercialized and disseminated music genre among diverseRead MoreHip Hop Is A Genre Of Music1192 Words   |  5 PagesMusic has always been one of the ways that people use to express the connection between their feelings and the outside world with melody, rhythm and sound. There are different genres and many kinds of music from different places and different nationality. Hip hop is a cultural movement that emerged in the 1970s in the United States among Latin Americans, Jamaicans and African American that aimed to protest the social conflicts and violence suffered by the lower classes of urban society. Hip HopRead MoreHip Hop, A Popular Genre Of Music2482 Words   |  10 PagesHip-Hop is a subcultural movement that formed in the early 1970s by African-American, Caribbean and Latino youths. It wasn’t until the late 1980s that it became popular outside of the African-American community and by the 2000s it became the most popular genre of music. However, the subculture has evolved through out the years and the comparison between then and now is growing increasingly big. Hip-Hop in the 80s consisted of music, dance, creativity and artistry. It also allowed people an avenueRead MoreHip Hop Is Widely Known As A Genre Of Music That Started2027 Words   |  9 PagesHip hop is widely known as a genre of music that started in a New York City borough called the Bronx in the late 1970s, but it is more than just the music. Hip hop is a culture that consists of being a disc jockey which is also known as deejaying or turntabling, breakdancing, MCing or rhyming â€Å"rapping†, graffiti, and fashion. Each of these items are key elements in creating hip hop and these key items are part of the hip hop culture. Deejaying was an important factor contributing to hip hop cultureRead MoreHip Hop : A Cultural Movement And Popular Genre Of Music Essay1920 Words   |  8 Pagesthat there s some kind of unity in hip-hop. We all found something that s really important to us, and music is all we ve really got† – Missy Elliot. Hip-Hop is a cultural moveme nt and popular genre of music that emerged during the early 1970 s by working class Black youths in New York City. The cultural movement has rapidly expanded across different countries and ethnicities over the years, becoming one of the few markers that define a generation. Hip-Hop can be seen as â€Å"the fundamental matrixRead MoreRap Or Hip Hop Is More Than Just Another Music Genre940 Words   |  4 PagesRap or Hip Hop is more than just another music genre, it is a movement full of more aspects than one could imagine. The film â€Å"The Art of Rap† directed, produced, and hosted by Ice-T, exemplifies the different aspects and explains the importance of Hip Hop while taking a journey interviewing many legendary MC’s, giving the viewer an inside perspective of this music and the art of MC’ing. This film also heavily resonates with the book Rap Music and Street Consciousness. Ice-T interviews many influentialRead MoreHip Hop Culture And Culture1196 Words   |  5 PagesHip-Hop Culture and race have had a complicated relationship in the past two decades. It has been commonly referred to as â€Å"black music† and a reflection of black culture. However, recent studies done by the Mediamark Research Inc. showed that 60% of rap music buyers are white. With the emergence of white, Latino, Asian, and other rappers with diverse backgrounds on the Hip Hop scene it is important recognize the changing color of the genre and the stereotype it holds as â€Å"black music†. Black cultureRead MoreSimilarities Between Hip Hop And Grime1407 Words   |  6 Pages Musical genre is defined as a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style or subject matter ( the music genre list 2017 ). Today’s music comes in all styles and forms, this makes it difficult to categorize those new and emerging genres. Hip Hop and Grime both have a culture and are both a rap style genre, that shareRead MoreHip Hop Rap Music And Subculture1643 Words   |  7 Pages Hip-hop Rap Music and Subculture The topic I have chosen for this review is the association between a particular music genre and a subculture. In particular, the issue of focus is the association of the hip-hop rap genre with the black youth subculture in America. As a youth subculture, hip-hop emerged in the 1970s from New York City’s borough of the Bronx. The African American community was the root of the music genre, which gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. As part of its growthRead MoreThe Music Of Hip Hop Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the ages, genres such as Rock and Roll, Pop, RB, and Funk ruled the music spectrum. Before the flow of an emcee rocked the crowd with his/her rhythmic flow, a significant day in music history would soon influence the music industry, cultures, fashion, and make this new genre into a global phenomenon. This significant day was marked on August 13, 1973, or also known as the birthday of Hip-Hop. While Hip-Hop can be commonly be associated with being an emcee/rapper, the art of emceeing

What Australian Fashion Retailers Can Learn from Zaras...

What Australian fashion retailers can learn from Zara’s product management process to improve their business Australian fashion retailer these days are facing a huge struggle by selling over-priced clothes. However, the globalization has poked Australian retailers to found themselves in the midst of an international fashion invasion, while the markets found themselves starstruck on the attractiveness that international retailers offer. The condition of Australian fashion retailers have been under-serviced and underwhelmed when it comes to fashion choice, especially in affordable variety (Wells 2013). There are only numerous fashion labels are available to dress 23 million people. In addition, the price cannot be compared to international brands’; the volumes produced by big international retailers like Zara and HM are to service global market, unlike Sportsgirl or Country Road who produce much smaller volumes. This does not conclude that Australian fashion retailers will not survive in the near future, although it does make some of them to stand on their toes. Domestic retailers are forced to turn around their fashion clothes much faster to avoid the merchandise cannibalizing by Zara. On the other side of the card, for being fast fashion, Zara may also meet its peak of a slower consumption. Consumers have now become aware of the impact of fast-fashion that may harm environments and work ethic. Even though, Zara has anticipated the issues by coming up with theirShow MoreRelatedLearning from the Fashion Industry: a Structured Literature Review39302 Words   |  158 PagesCRANFIELD UNIVERSITY ELEFTHERIA DIMITRAKOU LEARNING FROM THE FASHION INDUSTRY: A STRUCTURED LITERATURE REVIEW CRANFIELD CENTRE FOR LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT MSc THESIS CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY CRANFIELD SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT CRANFIELD CENTRE FOR LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT MSc THESIS Academic Year 2006-2007 ELEFTHERIA DIMITRAKOU Learning from the Fashion Industry: A Structured Literature Review Supervisor: Dr. Chris Morgan August 2007 This thesis isRead MoreToyota Supply Chain78751 Words   |  316 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO THE PRINCIPLES OF TOYOTA’S RENOWNED SYSTEM ANANTH V. IYER SRIDHAR SESHADRI ROY VASHER New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright  © 2009 by Ananth V. Iyer, Sridhar Seshadri, and Roy Vasher. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or

Introduction Leadership and management Free Essays

Introduction Leadership and management are two different subjects but both are essential for an organizations growth. Leadership is â€Å"A relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people† (Smith P et al 2012), whilst â€Å"Management is more about getting things done on a day-to-day basis and ensuring consistency† (Smith P et al 2012). In simple context Managers helps in doing the right thing where as Leaders do the right things. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction Leadership and management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having a strong Leader and Management an organization can reap the benefits of Competitive advantage as it would distinguish them to be an organization with core values, goals and scope which will eventually help them grow. It is understood that successful leaders do not habitually behave in similar ways. They may, in fact, act in a different way even if the situation presented is similar which would arguably come down to their personalities. Furthermore, different leadership traits may be required in different circumstances. This Case Study is a perfect example of how different Leaders and their Management have direct implications on their organization, even though both the Companies discussed in the case study are in similar industries. The Companies Discussed in the Case Study is Virgin Atlantic and Ryanair, Sir Richard Branson Being the Leader and Founder for Virgin and Michael O’Leary for Ryan Air. This Essay would look at how different Leadership, Management and Motivation style and theories they can adopted for their respected companies. The second part of this essay covers how these theories have impacted their companies externally and internally. Comparison and Contrasting Elements Leadership Qualities, Management Motivation. There is no denying that both Sir Richard Branson and Michael O’Leary are leaders and face for their respective Companies. Both of them have Strong Personalities and have a huge appetite for media presence. Sir Richard Branson is a Leader who believes in relationships whether they are employees, friends or business partner. He is always smiling and is a fun character to be around with. In Contrast Michael O’Leary is known to be a acerbic personality who doesn’t care much of what other people think of him as long as he is delivering them the service in need and is making profit. According to the 7 approaches (Laurie J Mullins 2007) it can be concluded that the leadership styles vary drastically between the two. Sir Richard Branson has more of Democratic Style of Leadership as he delegates to subordinates and is open to the idea that good ideas can come from anywhere and anytime. He has said before, â€Å"Virgin Group is an organization driven on informality and information, one that is bottom heavy rather then strangled by top level management†, (Wikipedia) giving the impression that he listens to his people well below the management level. Whilst O’Leary on the other hand is more of an Autocratic figure as a leader. He believes that as long as there are results portraying the success of the business, it is more than just an employee contribution, it is the decision making ability of him and the higher authorities. Branson’s way of leadership adopts people traits (Mcgreggor 1960) whereas O’Leary has more of a Quality and acceptance of leader’s decision (Vroom and Yetton). According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt, Branson is more inclined towards the area of non-managers freedom specifically the 3rd arrow from left whereas O’leary is more towards area of freedom for manager specifically 2nd arrow from the right. (Source: Tannenbaum, R. and Schmidt, W. H. ‘How to choose a leadership pattern’, Harvard Business Review, May/June 1973, p. 167. ) These Leadership Styles have a direct correlation with how they manage their respective organizations. Since Branson is more of a democratic leader and likes to delegate it can be concluded that Human Relations approach (Management Theories ‘Management Schools) is more his style of Management, he makes sure that his staffs is motivated and willing to keep up the brand name by offering excellent services to their custo mers. Since Virgin is in the long-haul market and is operating in different countries the organizational structure is more of a ‘Divisional Structure’, as the company is geographically mapped and is Customer Orientated. Whereas O’Leary’s Ryanair could be classified to be using the Classical Approach of Bureaucracy (Max Weber 1947), Weber states that a bureaucratic organisation is technically the most efficient form of organisation possible†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The bureaucratic organisation becomes typical of all the modern societies. Pugh Hickinson 1996) There is not a single theory or approach to leadership that fails to recognize that a fundamental quality of leaders – irrespective of whether leadership is innate, learned, situational, or whatever – is an ability to inspire and motivate people (Clegg, S. Et al 2006 Managing and Organizations). One of the key elements for a business to prosper is Motivation whether they are financi al or Non-financial incentives. Both Branson and O’ Leary have contrasting styles of leadership and management which further leads to different styles of Motivation. Branson being the fun loving personality he is interacts with his employees. While Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory (1959) Motivators appear to be the case for Branson and his company, O’Leary’s on the other hand with his Low cost Driven and no Frills Strategy fits more with the Process Theory for Motivation Like Equity Theory ( John Stacy Adams 1963) Where he expects his employees to expect outputs according to their inputs as stated in the case that Ryanair’s Cabin Crew is through a third party specifically named Crewlink. These Motivation theories can further be linked to Blake McCanse (1991) Leadership model with Virgin being Country Club Management and Ryanair being Authority Obedience Management. Both Companies can also adapt to Theory X and Theory Y Humans relations approach (Douglas McGreggor 1960). Ryanair will adopt Theory X to motivate its employees while Virgin Atlantic Theory Y. Impact on the Companies by Leadership Styles and Behavior. Both Virgin and Ryanair have had their fair trade of success and complaints. Having different Leadership and Management Styles lead to a difference in their organizational culture, Branson and O’Leary were subjective to many different outcomes which had a significant effect on their businesses. Virgin Being in the longhaul airline business has more competitors as he is the kind of person who thinks big. His competitors consist of International Airlines such as How to cite Introduction Leadership and management, Essay examples

Swot Analysis and Retail Industry free essay sample

Social analysis3 Technological analysis3 Industry3 Competitors4 Issue that caused Woolworth decline and new opportunity6 SWOT Analysis7 Strengths7 Weaknesses8 Opportunity8 Threats9 Issue that caused Woolworth decline and new opportunity9 Recommendation of new strategies10 Conclusion11 References12 Introduction Woolworths was first opened in Sydney (Datamonitor, pr 1). The company deals with the sale of electronic goods, general merchandise, liquor (Safeway liquor) as well as grocery. One of the major challenges that face the company is competition. This is because the supermarket industry in Australia is very competitive. The company’s major competitors are the composite buyers, Cole’s, IGA and the franklins. Moreover, the company also faces competition from the Audi (Datamonitor, pr 1). The company also has the health and safety policies that ensure that they are committed to ensuring workplace safety. They include a risk management approach, effective employee consultation as well as effective implementation of the policy (Datamonitor, pr 1). PEST analysis of the world In their day-to-day running businesses are affected by macro-environmental factors, which are analyzed, using a pestle analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis and Retail Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A pestle analysis is simply a framework that classifies environmental influences as political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental (Kotler et al 68-108). Political analysis Woolworth success can also be linked to the peaceful environment. It is evident that, peace has prevailed in Australia due to political stability. This has not only seen the growth of the retail industry, but also many businesses in the region have succeeded. It is evident that, a stable political environment results to an effective economic environment (Kotler et al. , 68-108). Economic analysis Economic factors are economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate. As currently Japanese, United State and Hong Kong currencies are going down, but Australia’s currency is keep growing up, exchange rate goes down from Australia to other country, under this situation, Australian should import some products from other countries in a lower price and sell in Australia, which can helps decrease the outlay and earn more money. Base on this information, Woolworth should also look for some new brand from other country and import them to get advantage under the economic growth which can should import some products from other countries in a lower price and sell in Australia, which can helps decrease the outlay and earn more money. Social analysis Social factors often look at the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Social cultural trends can show that the changes of consumer tastes and behavior. As In the last thirty years, Australia has liberalized its immigration policy and opened its borders to Europe, Middle-East and Asia. This has caused a real shift in self-perception as Aussies begin tore-define themselves as a multi-cultural and multi-faith society rather than the old homogenous, white, Protestant nation. Under this situation, Woolworth should import Europe, Middle-East and Asia’s foods and stuffs, because there are more and more people come to Australia, stuffs from their home country can reduce their home-sick, also increase customer’s loyalty and satisfaction. Technological analysis Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects and can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Some technologies such as CCTV cameras for monitoring customers during self-service must also be up to date to ensure efficiency. In addition to this, the use of social Medias such as Facebook, Twitter, Weibo, and You Tube can also assist the firm greatly in terms of advertisement. As Facebook, F-commerce, called Facebook commerce. Facebook have more 800 million users in the world. People can get some free advertisement simply though Facebook’s â€Å"Like† and â€Å"Share†, it is a good way to promo their goods, also people do not have to spend money on it. So, this is the free promotion for the goods and the effective strategy to expand their product to the world. (K. O. Hara, 2011) Industry The retail industry of Australia is a major catalyst to the economy of the country. Additionally, it is the barometer to the economic health of future growth prospects of the country. The function of this industry is to serve as an intermediary for the producers and offer the services that complement its sales (Smith 33-50). The Gross Domestic Product growth of the industry has also been so strong making the total growth in the industry to be 7,850 million US dollars. The industry has 3,760 businesses, which run 4,340 establishments. The major players in the industry include Woolworths Limited, Coles, Franklins, IGA and the Audi. It is apparent that the industry until now has presented relatively high-to-high attractiveness for the players in the industry (Smith, pp. 3-50). This is due to the high barriers to entry as well as the weak bargaining power of the buyers and suppliers making the profitability very high especially for Woolworths the company in question. Nevertheless, the future environmental changes are set to change the attractiveness of the industry to moderate. This means that even the profitability of Woolworths will also decrease in the future. This is due to the fact that it is postulated that the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers will increase. For this reason, Woolworths’ ability to beat its competitors as well as maintain a competitive advantage is highly dependent on the company’s capabilities and resources (Smith, pp. 33-50). Most importantly, it depends on how the capabilities and the resources will be exploited in the future when the attractiveness of the industry as well as profitability declines. Luckily, there is low threat of substitute products or services in supermarket retail industry, supermarket is an irreplaceable business, and they sell everything as daily necessary, food, drink, fruit or even DIY cake kit. There are no other place can buy let people buy everything in one place, for example, convenience shop as 7-11, although they open 24 hours and 7days, but people might cannot find the thing which they really want to buy in 7-11, however, they can find that in Woolworth. At the result, people must choose supermarket be their first choice if they want to buy everything in one place. Competitors However, they have very high intensity of competitive rivalry, as the Australian retail industry has a very high concentration. This is because it has few major players competing in the industry. They include Woolworths, Coles, Aldi as well as IGA. The Woolworths is able to compete with its competitors as well as doing well for their position in the industry by using such tactics as product introduction, advertising and price competition (Smith, pp. 33-50). The threat for new entrants within the Australian retail industry is relatively low and it is estimated that it will remain so. This is because the insidious conjunction of local zoning laws and leasing agreements has resulted to an artificial scarcity of grocery store sites (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 42-65). Consequently, potential new entrants have been prevented from entering the Australian retail industry. Also, Woolworth’s competitors had their own competitive advantage to help them be out standing in supermarket industry, one of the big competitors is Aldi, which is the  first grocery retailer  in Australia to introduce a National Pricing Policy  across all Aldi stores which means they guarantee their product will be all seem price even in different branch. People shouldn’t have to pay more for their groceries simply because of where there live, people will pay the same low prices on groceries in every ALDI store in Australia. It’s Aldi’s way of keeping things fairer for all Australians, but Woolworth does not have such Policy as Aldi, every branch of Woolworth, their product’s price is different, for example, seem product in Boxhill’s store is on sale but the Woolworth in city might not for sale. Sometime customers need to pay more because of where they live; it is so unfair to customers. Also, Aldi is target on middle to low income families’ market, they are selling products which are all made in Australia, it can help Aldi to decrease their outlay and decrease their price setting, and customers can enjoy the product in a lower price, it can gain more customers satisfaction and also if customers are buying more in one time, Aldi can earn more income as well. Another huge competitor of Woolworth is Coles, both of them are target to the same market which is from all locations, of all ages, gender, and income, putting in mind their behaviours and lifestyles in order to satisfy their wants and needs. The firm targets Time saver buyers, Family Shoppers and International students (Round, pp51-64). This means that, the firm encompasses geographical, demographic, behavioural and psychological market segmentations. Coles is being outstanding in retail industry, they have different product range with others, they have a new product line of clothes call â€Å" Mix Apparel†, it can helps them to attract more customers and gain more customers satisfaction because people can really buy everything they want in one place. Also, there are some Coles’ store are open 24 hours in Melbourne which did not provide by Woolworth, it can give service to some customers who sleep late, although it cannot help them to earn much money but it can helps them to gain customers satisfaction. Moreover, Coles has a well management as a pervious news about dried milk: Some dried milk for baby which made in China has poison which is not good for baby, so a lot of Chinese buy dried milk from Australia then bring back to China and sell in China, it cause there are lack of dried milk in Australia, Woolworth made a decision to avoid Chinese monopoly dried milk, they set a limit which is everyone can buy 4 packs of dried milk only, therefore everyone can buy dried milk, this strategy indeed solve the problem but not a clever strategy. On another hand, Coles did not set limit, they contact more supplier and increase inventory, therefore people can get as much as they want, this strategy can solve the problem, and gain customers satisfaction and customer loyalty also, and it is a win-win situation. Issue that caused Woolworth decline and new opportunity Base in the discussion above, Woolworth was being quite successful because of they had good service and they launch of â€Å"Fresh Food People† in 1987 was supported by an advertising campaign that ran for several years. And also as said above, low threat of substitute products or services in supermarket retail industry, supermarket is an irreplaceable business, and they sell everything as daily necessary, food, drink, fruit or even DIY cake kit. There are no other place can buy let people buy everything in one place. However, Woolworth had been not very successful in these few years, there is some reason that made them be decline. Firstly, although Woolworth offers its range of products conveniently and at affordable prices to ensure a competitive advantage (Round, 51-64), this pricing strategy is not target on middle to low income people, a lot of people as those people who are come to Australia for their working holiday, they do not have so much money to buy their foodstuffs or some daily necessary in a higher price, these people will choose some cheaper supermarket as Aldi instead of Woolworth, because Aldi will provide goods with lower price but in good quality, there are no reason to choose Woolworth under this situation. Actually Woolworth can extend their target market to low-high income family, it is a huge range, but because Australia’s economic growth, they can import product from some low cost country supplier which can help to decrease the outlay, therefore they can decrease their price to suitable those low income family, and gain their satisfaction. Another reason that cause Woolworth decline is because there are high competition in this industry, Coles has well management and they have their own clothes product line, Woolworth need to be unique in this industry, they should additional hours in stores as Coles has 24 hours stores and also publish their own brand line and launch new brand. SWOT Analysis The SWOT Analysis is one of several strategic planning tools that are utilized by businesses and other organizations to ensure that there is a clear objective defined for the project or venture, in order to accomplish this task, the process of SWOT involves four areas of consideration: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Deakin 2004). Strengths We know Woolworth is huge supermarket in Australia. They have lots of stores around Australia with good location. That can be the strength for them. Woolworth Limited has a number of stores within Australia. They manufacture they own branded goods as well as supply goods from local suppliers and other major brands. Woolworths Limited deals with final consumer products/organic products ranging from foodstuffs, groceries and liquor, which have short life, cycle (Round, pp51-64). Also they have a strong brand name and reputation among customers. Moreover, they will offer discounted prices sometimes which increase footfall in store and developed merchandising, direct purchasing, sales and customer service practices commonly used today, which is very convenience to customers. Also Woolworth has very high quality advertisements to help them to promote their brand, In order to emerge successful in the retail market, the company employs a combination of promotion strategies, which include advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotions. By so doing, they are able to ensure effective communication in the marketing process (Round 51-64), which helps them get better sales and get more profit. Weaknesses The weakness of Woolworth is the brand has failed to sustain its competitive advantage, although Woolworth is huge, competition from similar companies is also likely. Being successful, they are open to attack on any ethical stance low pay and poor work conditions, supply of goods from poor cheap labor countries, and environmental issues. Moreover, they do not have National Pricing Policy  across all Woolworth stores which mean they did not guarantee their product will be all seem price even in different branch. Sometime customers need to pay more because of where they live; it is so unfair to customers. Opportunity The opportunity of Woolworth is Woolworth can tap and import Europe, Middle-East and Asia’s foods and stuffs into the market to gain more customers satisfaction and loyalty, especially those customers who are come from Europe, Middle-East and Asia. In fact, these people are occupying a part of the population. Moreover, Woolworth can extend their target market. For its new venture, Woolworth’s targets customers who at least have a home or who want to have one. Also, they need target on those people who with low income. Generally, reduce the price of the company’s products as well as priced to enable its customers even those with low incomes to afford to purchase and also follow National Pricing Policy  to set the same price in all branch, therefore, customers will not have to pay more because of where they live. On another hand, because they have a huge brand name, the brand can tap new emerging markets like emerging and developing countries as South East Asia. Threats The threats of Woolworth is there have so competitor in this retail industry, and they have their own competitive advantage to be out standing in this industry, but Woolworth do not have any signature to being outstanding in the industry as much as their competitor has. Also, although they manufacture their own branded goods as well as supply goods from local suppliers and other major brand and sell in a lower price, but their high discount products and horrible packaging sometimes perceived as low quality products in consumer minds. Moreover, there are not easy to develop more branches in Australia because marginal pressure due to high real estate prices restricting the opening of more stores. Issue that caused Woolworth decline and new opportunity According to â€Å"Sun Zi Art of War† said â€Å"know yourself, know your enemy; hundred battles, hundred won. †(Wee 2002) Based on the SWOT analysis above, know Woolworth themselves, analysis shown that Woolworth was successful because of they have a strong brand name and reputation among customers and also have lots of stores around Australia with good location, therefore customers is easy to go shopping because of good location, and they have a really good advertisement to helps them to improve their image to customers. Although they had been successful, now is being worst because of there are huge competition in supermarket retail industry. Known their enemy, their competitor has their own competitive advantage to be out standing in this industry, Woolworth do not have any signature to being outstanding in the industry as much as their competitor has. Also there are not easy to open more branches in Australia because of high real estate prices in Australia. There still have some new opportunity; they can tap some Europe, Middle-East nd South East Asia supplier, Woolworth can get advantage under Australia’ economic growth and decrease their outlay, and gain customers satisfaction especially those people from Europe, Middle-East and Asia, they are a part of Australia population. Moreover, repackage their own brand product, because the package that they have now is really terrible, customers would not like to buy a product like this. Recommendation of new strategies Strategy is about shaping th e future (Mckeown, 2012). Woolworth currently need some new strategies to help them the rate of sales goes up, based on the discussion above, the report has few recommendations. 1. Launch new brand A lot of companies are using this strategy to gain larger customer base such as Coles and Mix Appeal, Woolworth can launch their own clothes product line with their own design and own packaging. 2. Expand to global market: New stores oversea Woolworth can establish outsource distribution channel. As the retail industry is increasing, the increase of the service of delivery is necessary. Woolworth can establish store or ware house off shore such as in Hong Kong and delivery direct to the customers’ door. Especially the history of Australian brand launch in oversea as Cutton on launched in Hong Kong, they have a really good profit because in asia Western’s brand will be more popular than domestics brand. 3. Target market Woolworth should extend their target market to low-high income family, generally, these are individuals who have an income thus can afford to have a home. However, the company’s products are well priced to enable its customers even those with low incomes to afford to purchase. To archive the goal, they can tap some new supplier from low cost country. 4. Tap new supplier Australia is a multi-cultural country, there are lots of people are come from Middle-East Europe and Asia. To take benefit under this situation, Woolworth can find new supplier from those country, it can helps to gain customer satisfaction and loyalty, and also because of the currency of Australian is growing up, they can import those product in a lower price and sell in Australia, it can decrease the outlay but increase the profit. 5. National price policy Follow National Pricing Policy  to set the same price in all branch, therefore, customers will not have to pay more because of where they live, therefore gain trust from customers and gain customers satisfaction. Conclusion After the analysis of Woolworth, include PEST, Porter 5 forces and SWOT analysis, found that there are so many competitors in supermarket retail industry, Woolworth’s competitors had their own competitive advantages, so Woolworth needs to be changed their strategy, to gain more competitive advantage and become more successful.

How Does ACT Superscoring Affect Your Test Strategy

How Does ACT Superscoring Affect Your Test Strategy SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many colleges now use Superscoring for ACT scores as well as SAT scores. It’s important to know whether the schools where you’re planning to apply use Superscoring and how you can take advantage of this policy to demonstrate your best performance on the ACT. In this article I’ll give a brief overview of Superscoring and tell you what it means for you in terms of your testing plan. What is ACT Superscoring? ACT Superscoring is when colleges calculate your highest possible composite ACT score based on subscores from several different tests.They will take your highest ever score from each section and then average those scores together to arrive at a new composite score that represents your best performance. This chart shows how it might work across three test dates: English Math Reading Science Composite Test 1 30 28 31 20 27 Test 2 32 25 30 28 29 Test 3 29 23 35 25 28 Superscore 32 28 35 28 31 As you can see, this student’s composite Superscore was higher than any of the composite ACT scores for individual test dates because Superscoring combined all of the highest subscores. Superscoring benefits colleges because it puts them higher up in the rankings in terms of average scores of their admitted students.It also benefits you! If you do poorly on a section on one test date, it won’t affect you with colleges who use Superscoring, as long as you get a higher score for that section on another test date. Check the websites for the colleges where you plan on applying to see if they use Superscoring for the ACT, or take a look at this list that we’ve compiled of Superscoring schools. There are now nearly 100 schools that superscore the ACT! What Does This Mean for You? Superscoring should affect your studying strategy and registration timing for the ACT. Here are a couple of pieces of advice that you should follow if the colleges where you're planning on applying use Superscoring. Start Testing Early Superscoring means that you should definitely plan to take the ACT for the first time early in your junior year so that you can have enough time to improve your scores.If you don’t do as well on the first test, it will give you the opportunity to learn from your mistakes, and those lower scores won’t count in the long run after you take the test again. If you score very well on one section but don’t do well on one or two other sections, that means that you can focus your studying for future tests on your weak sections and not worry too much about the section you aced.Colleges will still incorporate the first score into your Superscore if it’s the best one you ever end up getting for the section. Take a look at these ACT test dates for the upcoming fall if you’re heading into your junior year so you can plan ahead. Take the ACT More than Once As a follow-up to the previous point, Superscoring definitely means you should plan on taking the ACT more than once (unless you reach your target score on the first try!). Taking the test two or three times means that you are likely to improve at least some of your subscores from test to test, especially if you put significant time into studying between test dates.Even if you manage to improve just one of your scores, that higher number is the one that will count for your Superscore. Practice Focused Studying This is probably the most essential takeaway from Superscoring.If you take the ACT and are unsatisfied with one or two of your section scores, you can direct all of your energy towards studying for those subject areas on future tests.Once you get a section score that you are happy with, you won’t have to worry about that part of the test in the future because that score (or potentially an even higher one) will become a part of your Superscore no matter what happens on the next test. The really great thing about Superscoring is that it means you can focus completely on improving weaker section scores and not worry about preventing already great section scores from decreasing. This book smells amazing. And I'm learning so much. Don’t Get Stressed! You should always take each test date seriously (you paid to register, after all), but Superscoring can take away a lot of unnecessary anxiety.Doing poorly on one test doesn’t mean you won't get into your top choice school. If you completely screw up a section of the test on one date but do well on another section, that’s also ok. With Superscoring, that one high subsection score means the time you spent taking the test was still worthwhile, and you can work on doing better on the section you bombed next time! Overview Superscoring for the ACT means that schools will calculate your best composite score by averaging all of your highest subscores across the tests you send them.Superscoring is great for you and for colleges because it reduces stress, lets you show your best possible scores, and allows schools to rise in the rankings in terms of average test scores. If you’re applying to schools that Superscore the ACT, you should: Start testing early Take the test more than once Practice focused studying Not freak out! Follow all of this advice, and you’ll be on your way to a SUPER Superscore! What's Next? Want more details about how exactly the ACT is scored? Read this articlefor an in-depth description. If you're not sure whether you should take the ACT again, take a look at this guide to help you decide. If you're trying to figure out when to take the ACT, read our guide to figure out the best test date for your circumstances.

HL

The Best IB Chemistry Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips IB Chemistry may not be quite as easy as this penguin makes it seems. So to help you out, I have compiled the best FREE online IB Chemistry Study Guides and Notes into one helpful article. I've organized this IB Chemistry Study Guide using the order laid out in the IB Chemistry Syllabus. How to Use This IB Chemistry Study Guide If there is one specific topic that you need more help with, use the Command + F function on your computer to search this guide for that subject. So, if you hope to read about The Mole Concept, use Command + F to bring up the search function. Type in â€Å"Mole Concept† and it will bring up all of the study materials for The Mole Concept. If you are looking for summary material to help you study for the IB Chemistry papers, check out the Overall Reviews section for great overall study resources. I've listed the notes and guides by topic. You should glance at this article during the school year to help you study for in-class tests and quizzes if you need more assistance or if you struggled to understand certain lectures in your IB Chemistry course. If you want additional help, read our article on the best IB Chemistry books to find additional study resources. You should be learning the material over the course of the school year and not cramming right before the IB Chemistry papers. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Common Errors IB Chemistry Students Make When Studying Many students struggle with IB Chemistry SL/HL. There are so many subjects to learn, and you cannot fall behind. You need to be learning during the school year in order to ace the IB Chemistry papers. Common errors students make when studying are: #1: Avoiding the topics you didn't fully comprehend in class. If you did not learn it in the classroom, you need to seek additional assistance whether through this IB Chemistry study guide, IB Chemistry books, or through tutoring. #2: Only studying a week or two before the IB Chemistry Exam. There are way too many topics to master in only a week or two (which is why the course is taught over one to two years). So, master the subjects as you learn them in class. Use this study guide if you need more help comprehending the topics you cover in class. Otherwise, you will be as nervous as this kid during the test. Core- 95 hours for SL and HL Both IB Chemistry SL and HL have the same core requirements. They consist of 95 hours and cover the topics listed below. Topic 1: Stoichiometric Relationships- 13.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Mole Concept and Avogadro’s Constant Notes on all of Stoichiometry Stoichiometry Videos and Notes 1.1: Introduction to the particulate nature of matter and chemical change notes 1.2: Mole concept notes 1.3: Reacting masses and volumes notes Topic 2: Atomic Structure- 6 hours for SL and HL Notes on Atomic Theory Atomic Structure Videos and Notes 2.1: Nuclear atom notes 2.2: Electron configuration notes Topic 3: Periodicity- 6 hours for SL and HL Notes on Periodicity Periodicity Videos and Notes 3.1: Periodic table notes 3.2: Periodic trends notes Topic 4: Chemical bonding and structure- 13.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Bonding Bonding Videos and Notes 4.1: Ionic bonding and structure notes 4.2: Covalent bonding notes 4.3: Covalent structures notes 4.4: Intermolecular forces notes 4.5: Metallic bonding notes Topic 5: Energetics/Thermochemistry- 9 hours for SL and HL Notes on Energetics Energetics Videos and Notes 5.1: Measuring energy changes notes 5.2: Hess's Law notes 5.3: Bond enthalpies Topic 6: Chemical Kinetics- 7 hours for SL and HL Notes on Kinetics Kinetics Videos and Notes 6.1: Collision theory and rates of reaction Topic 7: Equilibrium- 4.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Equilibrium Equilibrium Study Guide Equilibrium Videos and Notes 7.1: Equilibrium notes Topic 8: Acids and Bases- 6.5 hours for SL and HL Notes on Acids and Bases Acids and Bases Study Guide Acids and Bases Videos and Notes 8.1: Theory of acids and bases notes 8.2: Properties of acids and bases notes 8.3: The pH scale notes 8.4: Strong and weak acids and bases notes 8.5: Acid deposition notes Topic 9: Redox Processes- 8 hours for SL and HL Oxidation and Reduction Study Guide Redox Processes Videos and Notes 9.1: Oxidation and reduction notes 9.2: Electrochemical cells notes Topic 10: Organic Chemistry- hours for SL and HL Organic Chemistry Study Guide Organic Chemistry Videos and Notes 10.1: Fundamentals of organic chemistry notes 10.2: Functional group chemistry notes Topic : Measurement and Data Processing- 10 hours for SL and HL Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds Study Guide Measurement Videos and Notes .1: Uncertainties and errors in measurements and results notes .2: Graphical techniques notes .3: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds notes Additional Higher Level (AHL)- 60 hours for HL You will only study the ten topics listed below if you're in IB Chemistry HL; the standard level doesn't cover these topics. Topic 12: Atomic Structure- 2 hours Atomic Structure Study Guide 12.1: Electrons in atoms notes Topic 13: The Periodic Table: Transition Metals- 4 hours Periodic Table Study Guide 13.1: First row d-block elements notes 13.2: Coloured complexes notes Topic 14: Chemical Bonding and Structure- 7 hours Chemical Bonding and Structure Notes 14.1: Covalent bonding and electron domain and molecular geometrics notes 14.2: Hybridization notes Topic 15: Energetics/Thermochemistry- 7 hours Notes on Energetics 15.1: Energy cycles notes 15.2: Entropy and spontaneity notes Topic 16: Chemical Kinetics- 6 hours Videos on Chemical Kinetics 16.1: Rate expression and reaction mechanism notes 16.2: Activation energy notes Okay, you may not get to do this. Topic 17: Equilibrium- 4 hours Notes on Equilibrium 17.1: Equilibrium law notes Topic 18: Acids and Bases- 10 hours Notes on Acids and Bases 18.1: Lewis acids and bases notes 18.2: Calculations involving acids and bases notes 18.3: pH curves notes Topic 19: Redox Processes- 6 hours Notes on Oxidation and Reduction 19.1: Electrochemical cells notes Topic 20: Organic Chemistry- 12 hours Notes on Stereoisomerism 20.1: Types of organic reactions notes 20.2: Synthetic routes notes 20.3: Stereoisomerism Topic 21: Measurement and Analysis- 2 hours Videos on Measurement and Data Processing 21.1: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds notes Option- 15 hours for SL and 25 hours for HL Unfortunately, there are no free online study guides for the options, but look at our article on IB Chemistry books to find books that review the options topics. Overall IB Chemistry Reviews IB Chemistry HL 31 Common Mistakes: Richard Thornley, the author of this video, has several other helpful videos on IB Chemistry SL and HL available for free on YouTube IB Chemistry Web: This site goes over the syllabus in-depth and explains key definitions and facts you need to know. What’s Next? Want more of a review of what you'll learn in IB Chemistry? Then check out our in-depth guide to the IB Chemistry syllabus: SL and HL and our tips on balancing chemical equations. A prep book can be an extremely useful study tool. Learn which are the best IB Chemistry textbooks by reading our guide. How much do you know about the chemical properties of everyday things? Discover how to use muriatic acid to remove rust from your pots and pans and the effect of adding and removing certain ingredients to create the ultimate slime. Are you hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered online. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Kant says that we should treat humanity.....never simply as ameans but Essay - 1

Kant says that we should treat humanity.....never simply as ameans but always at the same time as an end in itself. What does this mean Can a Kantian form of - Essay Example Is there, as Kant argues, a universal set of guiding principles that are applicable in all situations and all cultures? Are human rights and mans existence an end in itself, and not merely a means to reach an end? For the individual, a better sense of responsibility, obligation, and duty have become paramount in a social environment where individuals have the authority to make decisions that have the potential to do great good or intolerable harm. The purpose of this paper is to define and explain the meaning of Kants Categorical Imperative as it applies to individuals and moral agents in todays world of globalisation. The paper will further discuss humanity as an end in itself, rather than simply a means to an end. It will illuminate and demonstrate the paradoxes and challenges that are faced when we attempt to apply Kantian ethics to the modern world of globalisation. As human beings living in a world of interdependence, our actions not only reflect upon our own moral essence, but also impact others. Nobody lives in a vacuum and everything we do involves other people that have an equivalent moral and ethical value. Kant has contended that the treatment that is afforded the other agents in our transactions is not the means that we use to accomplish our goals, but is the goal in and of itself. According to Kant and Paton (1948, p.55), an imperative is categorical if it represents "an action as objectively necessary in itself apart from its relation to a further end". The categorical imperative removes any consideration for context and does not mitigate on the basis of time, space, situation, or culture. Kants categorical imperative is a guiding principle that invokes a sense of duty and obligation even when it contradicts the moral agents own feelings and emotions. Kantian ethics additionally contend that there are moral absolutes that must be adhe red to without regard

Find a topic about math and relate to interior& architecture design Essay

Find a topic about math and relate to interior& architecture design major - Essay Example To better understand the importance of mathematics in architecture, the most initial thing is to come up with a clear understanding regarding the concept of architecture itself. It hence refers to a system of structures and buildings that tend to form a space standard for the people’s activities and lives, as well as the art of creating these structures and buildings in correspondence to the cognitive laws that governs beauty. It follows from this definition that there exist two aspects of Architecture notion. On the other hand, Architecture is a specific kind of technological advancement that is intended for the formation of a space standard for activity and lives of people. The architects should hence be conversant with the mechanical laws so as to ensure that the proper mechanical stability and strength regarding the given structures and buildings. Architecture comes out as a form of Fine Art that should be created by an architect in his "structures and buildings with correspondence to the laws of shape and beauty. This means that an architect has to be accorded clear guideline by the Principles and Laws of Beauty and Harmony in his/her creativity. As a form of Fine Art, Architecture is closely connected to other types of Fine Arts including Music, Painting, and Sculpture. In this correlation the idea of creating emerging mathematical concepts, as well as the Mathematical Harmony tend to arise. It is hence unfeasible make cognitive statements on all the scientific attainments of Mathematical Harmony in a brief essay. Based on the historical perspectives, there is a clear relationship that emerges between metaphysics and physics, and the fact that architecture has always been a perfect contender with regards to the metaphysical representation with its inherent geometrical character. Thus, what can be found as a societal body of knowledge will usually be symbolically represented in its established

The chemistry of drug metabolism

The chemistry of drug metabolism Introduction To describe and explain the chemistry of drug metabolism a basic foundation of knowledge is needed to understand the concepts. Metabolism is one of the methods for analysing the effect of drugs or xenobiotics on the body. It is basically a process of converting lipophilic drugs into more hydrophilic drugs to decrease pharmacological effect and increase subsequent hepatic or renal elimination. So it is essentially a process of inactivation and detoxification of a drug and subsequent elimination of the metabolite formed. The basic knowledge involves the all time classical reactions such as oxidation and reduction and those more advanced reactions including glucuronidation and sulfation. Despite energy being needed to drive such reactions to be in favour, metabolism cannot occur without the complex nature of enzymes catalysing the process. However, metabolism of drugs in human is not solely dependent on the enzymes alone it can be affected by natural micro flora in the small intestines. In an in vitro experiment conducted on ranitidine, it was found that N-oxide was cleaved and is therefore a source of drug metabolism. An alteration in the population of micro flora can affect the of drugs efficacy this is a source of interaction between antibiotics and Microgynon ®. Furthermore, some drugs are bioactivated by metabolism to form active metabolites with a desirable pharmacological function i.e. prodrugs. Unfortunately metabolism can transform an inactive drug or xenobiotic into a biologically active compound which can be carcinogenic to humans. Phenol is a readily formed metabolite of benzene metabolism before catechol and hydroquinone 3,6 which poses a major health concern for humans because it can cause acute myelogenous leukaemia 6 As the great founding father of medicine Paracelsus once said â€Å"all drugs are poison†. Therefore humans and animals have adapted many mechanisms for detoxifying xenobiotics, and these processes are divided into two phases phase I and phase II. It is important to bear in mind that some phase II reactions can occur without phase I metabolism, but phase I and phase II reactions are complimentary and not mutually exclusive. This report describes the chemical reactions of drug metabolism and explains how they occur in vivo. 3.0 Phase 1 Phase 1 metabolism involves the direct enzyme activity on drugs P450 isoform enzymes and esterases are responsible for reduction and hydrolysis of drugs respectively. Each P450 isoenzymes genetic expression varies and can either be inhibited or induced. Knowledge of these drivers of metabolism is essential not only to optimise the use of drugs, reduce harm, maximise benefits in poly pharmacy but also to serve as a template for novel drug development10. P450 and esterase enzymes are mainly found in the liver. Phase I metabolism consists of 3 main reactions: oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. 3.1 Oxidation 3.1.1 P450 mono oxygenase system 3.1.2 Other oxidation reactions 3.2 Reduction reactions Reduction reactions are mainly interconversion reactions that occur in azo, nitro and epoxide groups and conversion of carbonyl to its corresponding alcohol. Reduction reactions are carried out in the body by P450 isoenzymes, NADH/NADPH reduction systems, carbonyl reductase or aldo-ketone reductase. Azo compounds are generally used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Reduction of an azo group is a classical example of a reduction metabolic reaction. This reaction occurs in the presence of other enzymes and is inhibited in the presence of molecular oxygen. Mechanism of Azo reduction Azo reduction can also occur in the presence of NADH/NADPH system alone within the pH range 3.5-6.08. An azo group can either be reduced by 2 hydrogens to form hydrozo compounds or 4 hydrogens to form two aromatic amines which usually results in a colour loss10 Mechanism of Nitro reduction Nitro groups also undergo reduction reactions and these are catalysed by the same NADP systems. 6 e- are donated to the NO2 to form amine functional groups as in chloramphenicol. This then undergoes acetylation conjugation in phase II metabolism. Conversion of carbonyl to corresponding alcohols Many different enzymes have been identified that catalyse carbonyl reduction of xenobiotics, but most of them catalyse other endogenous substances including sugars and prostaglandins7 Oracin, an anticancer drug with a pro-chiral carbon is metabolised by 11 ÃŽ ²-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in the microsomes. These metabolites are stereo specific to form DHO7 as shown below in figure 3.2.4. Much of what is known about Oracin metabolism is from phase II clinical trials as its not licensed for use in chemotherapy yet. Mechanism of epoxide reduction This reaction is catalysed by microsomal epoxide hydrolase, a catalytic triad that consists of His 431, Asp226 and Glu 404. Their activity is limited because of a narrow hydrophobic tunnel in the active site and water. A water molecule ionises to form a OH and H+ OH attacks the oxirane ring and thus opens it resulting in formation of vicinal dihydrodiol. This reaction is slow in vitro without acid but in this case epoxide hydrolase catalyses the reaction. Vicinal diols formed are more water soluble thereby terminating genotoxic potential. Hydrolysis Most hydrolysis reactions occur at the ester and amide functional groups, with ester more prone to hydrolysis than amide. Amides are more stable than esters because nitrogen is similar to carbon in size, but less electronegative than oxygen so electrons are pulled into the carbonyl Ï€ electron systems which stabilise its structure. The ease of hydrolysis of esters is used in the development of prodrugs to avoid first pass metabolism, a major problem in orally administered drugs. In vivo hydrolytic metabolism of drugs occurs in the presence of enzymes present in various parts of the body. Hydrolysis of drugs and xenobiotics is generally carried out by esterases mainly in the plasma and intestine and not by P450 systems. The blood, GI tract and liver have the highest hydrolysing capacity. The most significant hydrolysing enzymes are carboxylesterases, cholinesterases, arylesterases and serine endopeptidases. Carboxylesterase is one of the major esterases involved in drug metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation of drugs with esters, amide and thioester functional groups. In figure 3.0 hydrolysis of ester bond results in benzoylecgonine, a carboxylic acid metabolite. But this is not the only ester group present in the structure. The group present next to the benzene can also undergo metabolism to form benzoic acid. Cocaine in the presence of heroine can generate the toxic metabolite cocaethylene in the presence of alcohol, from concomitant cocaine abuse. Carboxylesterase exists in two different forms hCE1 and hCE2. hCE1 is a more effective metabolic enzyme which transports protein to the endoplasmic reticulum and processes fatty acids and cholesterol in the liver alongside other cholesterol enzymes. The general mechanism of drug hydrolysis in esters and amides is by nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions as shown in figure 3.2.6. Minor structural differences exist between heroine and its metabolites, but their activity differs. Heroin (diamorphine) is converted by hydrolysis to 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. hCE1 mainly cleaves the 3-acetyl linkage to form 6-acetylmorphine. The 6-acetyl linkage is cleaved which later forms morphine with a phenolic -OH and secondary allylic -OH. Diloxanide furorate is a drug of choice and an antiparasitic agent for treating asymptomatic patients with E. histolytica cysts in the faeces and cryptosporidiosis, an acute intestinal amoebiaosis in HIV patients. The drug is orally administered and extensively metabolised by gastro intestinal esterase to form diloxanide and furoic acid, thereby diminishing its effectiveness. This problem is modified by using cyclodextrin that prevents excessive hydrolysis of the drug. Carboxylesterases ability to form a stable complex enhances its presence in the blood and makes it ideal for treating cocaine overdose. It is also considered that as an active site for drugs, this would make it ideal for drug discovery e.g. sarin and VX gas. 4. Phase II Conjugation pathway The phase II conjugation pathway is often a detoxification mechanism. It terminates drug pharmacological activity by changing or masking functional groups in the parent drug or phase I metabolite into a more ionic polar product which aids excretion. The processes that commonly occur in phase II metabolism can be fundamentally divided into 3 groups which are glucuronidation, sulfation and acetylation. The nature and functional group of a drug molecule will determine which one of these processes be in favour e.g. acetaminophen undergoes both glucuronidation and sulfation, however at high doses glucuronidation predominates and at low doses sulfation predominate (Airpine Choonara, 2009). 4.1. Conjugation with sugars Conjugation with various sugars is possible in nature, and novel pathways for xenobiotic metabolism are discovered frequently (Ikenakaa, Ishizakab, Miyabaraa, 2007). However the most important reaction in humans is glucuronidation. 4.1.1 Glucuronidation Glucuronidation is essentially conjugation of a substrate with ÃŽ ±-D-glucuronic acid, shown in figure 4.1.1.1. As the name suggests, glucuronic acid is a derivative of glucose with the 6th carbon being oxidised to a carboxylic acid group. This in combination with the many hydroxyl groups gives glucuronic acid a solubility of 1g/10mL in cold water, which the British Pharmacopeia would class as â€Å"freely soluble† (British Pharmacopeia Commission, 2009) Glucuronic acid is present in vivo as the co-factor uridine 5-diphosphate-glucuronic acid (UDP-glucuronic acid). The reaction of UDP-glucuronic acid with a xenobiotic substrate is catalysed by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) (Kaeferstein, 2009), and an example of a glucuronidation reaction is shown in figure 4.1.1.2 Figure 4.1.1.2 demonstrates how glucuronidation can occur with a xenobiotic containing an acceptor nucleophilic group (for example COOH, SH or NH2, but in this case OH) (Kaeferstein, 2009) (Sakaguchi, Green, Stock, Reger, King, 2004). The lone pair of electrons on the hydroxyl group attacks at the 1st carbon of the pyranose ring, which is activated because of the adjacent electron-withdrawing oxygens, in an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. The UDP glycosidic bond is cleaved off owing to the good leaving group properties of the phosphate group, and the xenobiotic has reacted with the glucuronic acid to form a ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid conjugate. Note that the reaction is known to be SN2 because the formation of an intermediate leads to an inversion of stereochemistry at the anomeric carbon. The resulting glucuronide conjugate has improved solubility due to the hydroxyl and carboxylate groups, and is usually excreted in the urine, although there is evidence to suggest that conjugates with a high molecular weight are eliminated in the bile. However the glucuronides undergo some important reactions within the body which affects their metabolism. A spontaneous intramolecular reaction can lead to esterification of the glucuronide, as shown in figure 4.1.1.4. The newly formed ester carbonyl is capable of reacting with the N-terminal of a protein residue to form a stable imine, i.e. this can lead to irreversible protein binding. Alternatively, depending on which species the glucuronic acid is bound to, nucleophilic substitution can again occur and the xenobiotic will react with the N-terminal of the protein and regenerate free glucuronic acid (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006). Pharmaceutical companies may therefore try to avoid designing drugs which are predicted to be metabolised by the glucuronidation pathway, not just to increase the half-life of the drug by avoiding conjugation and excretion but also to avoid the potential side-effects that can occur as a result of protein binding, such as cirrhosis of the liver. Interestingly, glucuronidation can also lead not just to metabolites that lose their therapeutic use and are toxic, but some glucuronides can continue to be pharmacologically active and may even be more potent than their parent drug. Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is one such example. M6G and morphine are both potent analgesics M6G, despite having been conjugated with a large polar molecule, still binds strongly to ÃŽ ¼ opioid receptors to provide pain relief to the same extent as morphine. Morphine-3-glucuronide, another metabolite, binds preferentially to NMDA receptors instead, and causes allodynia, myoclonus and seizures (the side-effects associated with opiate usage). Morphine and codeine are so far the only known examples of glucuronides with high activity (Kaeferstein, 2009). 4.2. Glutathione conjugation Glutathione serves as a substrate for electrophilic drugs because of the nucleophilic thiol moiety on the cysteine residue (thus glutathione can be referred to in reaction pathways as simply GSH). GSH conjugation therefore involves a nucleophilic attack of the sulphur atom onto drugs with electrophilic carbon atoms, i.e. those bound to good leaving groups such as halogens, sulphate and nitro, as well as activated carbon atoms in ring strained systems such as epoxides and ß-lactones (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006). Conjugation leads to a thioether bond being formed between GSH and the drug molecule. Following this reaction, conjugates are typically metabolised further to yield more polar molecules which are better excreted in the urine and bile (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006). Figure 4.2.4 shows the possible biotransformation reactions of a glutathione conjugate. Transpeptidase and peptidase convert glutamate to NH2 and remove glycine, respectively. NH2 is then a target for N-acetylation (mentioned in section 4.4). Alternatively, two molecules of glutathione can react together to form a disulfide bridge, in the process donating hydrogen atoms to reduce another molecule. This is usually utilised in vivo when glutathione acts as an antioxidant (Forman, Zhang, Rinna, 2009), but also plays a part in drug metabolism as seen in the denitrification of the antianginal drug, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in figure 4.2.5 (Ji, Anderson, Bennett, 2009). To reiterate, GSH reacts with highly electrophilic species in the body. This prevents drugs with electrophilic groups from attacking important nucleophilic centres in biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins, which could lead to toxicity. This is explored further in section 5 where the consequences of insufficient glutathione conjugation of paracetamol metabolites are looked at. 4.3. Sulfation Sulfation is one of the classical processes of phase II metabolism. It allows the biotransformation of numerous xenobiotics and metabolites from phase 1 (shown in figure 4.3.1) to be sulphate conjugates. This gives protection against toxicity or the potential toxic effects from the numerous xenobiotics and metabolites not being conjugated. It also produces more polar, more water soluble metabolites, which means they are more easily and readily excreted in urine or bile. The sulphate conjugate possesses such advantageous properties by having a low pKa, allowing an increased aqueous solubility and excretion. It is an important reaction for drugs and hormones that contain the phenolic functional group to be metabolised by conjugation to a sulphate group examples include steroid hormones, catecholamines, neurotransmitters, thyroxine, bile acids and phenolic drugs. Examples of drugs and xenobiotics with a phenolic group attached: The chemistry behind the sulfation conjugation reaction emphasizes the important key features of the system. This includes the two enzymes sulfatase and sulfotransferase, alongside the co factor 3†²-phosphoadenosine 5†²-phosphosulfate (3†²-phosphoadenylylsulfate, PAPS) which plays an important role in sulfation conjugation. The availability of PAPS and its precursor inorganic sulphate determines the reaction rate as the total amount of sulphate is limited and can be readily used up. PAPS is formed enzymatically by ATP and inorganic sulphate. The enzyme sulfotransferase transfers the active sulphate from PAPS to the xenobiotic or a phase 1 metabolite forming the sulphate conjugate (VL Verdugo D, 2004). Sulphate conjugation is a reaction principally of phenols and to a lesser extent alcohols to form highly ionic polar sulphates. Sulphate conjugation is also important for steroids because steroid sulphates are not capable of binding to their receptor and so this reduces its biological activity. Sulfation of alcohol generates a good leaving group and can be an activation process for alcohols to produce a reactive electrophilic species. Mechanism of sulfation conjugation an electrophilic substitution reaction: The oxygen of the OH has a negative inductive effect on the benzene ring so it withdraws electrons towards it making it a more reactive nucleophile It attacks the electrophilic sulphur of the sulphate group of PAPS The hydrogen of the OH bond leaves in exchange for the sulphate group and UDP acts as a good leaving group This forms the sulphate conjugate which is soluble and readily excreted via the kidneys 4.4. Acetylation Conjugation Acetylation is also an important reaction in phase II metabolism as the majority of drugs contain a primary amine functional group. It is a major route for the biotransformation of hydrazine and aromatic amines. This means that acetylation of the arylamine or phase 1 metabolites can occur more easily to reduce their biological activity (Garcia-Galan Diaz-Cruz, 2008). The limitation of acetylation is that it produces conjugates that are less water soluble (Zamek-Gliszczynski, Hoffmaster, Nezasa, Brouwer, 2006) as well as it does not work for drugs containing secondary amine groups. The aim of acetylation is to convert the primary amine moiety into an amide because amides are more stable as peptide bonds are more resistant to hydrolysis. Like glucuronidation and sulfation this reaction is highly specific because of the nature of the enzyme involved. The main players of acetylation conjugation are N-acetyltransferase and the co factor acetyl Coenzyme which is a thioester . The reactio n undergoes electrophilic substitution similar to Friedal-Craft acylation. The NH2 attached to the aromatic ring makes it much more reactive and electron donating. NAT helps to transfer the acetyl group (CH3CO) obtained from Co enzyme A (CH3COSCoA) to conjugate with the drug at the amine site forming the amide bond. H-SCo-enzyme acts as a good leaving group. Mechanism of acetylation conjugation: The lone pairs of the nitrogen of the primary amine of sulphonamide attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetyl group of the acetyl coenzyme A. In this reaction nitrogen acts as a nucleophile, donating the pair of electrons to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. The carbonyl carbon (ÃŽ ´+) is activated by the electron withdrawing oxygen (ÃŽ ´-) making it more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This forms a temporary tetrahedral intermediate, which falls back to form an amide bond and SH-CoA acts as a leaving group. As a result the acetyl conjugation of sulphonamide is formed, and this is readily excreted via the kidneys. 4.5 Stereo selectivity Stereo selectivity is classed as a fundamental aspect of drug metabolism ever since the tragic case of the drug thalidomide. This has provided a broader knowledge on the understanding of drugs and xenobiotics and also the importance of their stereochemistry properties. As mentioned in section 4.1.1 (glucuronidation), drug metabolism may lead to stereochemistry inversion of substrates during the various reactions that occur. An example of how the understanding of stereochemistry in xenobiotic metabolism has practical applications can be seen with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. It has been found that in vitro, only the S-isomer is pharmacologically active in inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. However in vivo the metabolism of ibuprofen is complex, involving glucuronidation at the acyl group and hydroxylation at the 2 and 3 positions, but most importantly the metabolism of the 2 enantiomers differs because there is a unidirectional enzymatic conversion of the R-isomer to the active S-isomer. (Chang, et al., 2008). The metabolism of ibuprofen is summarised in figure 4.5.2. For this reason drug manufacturers typically produce a racemic mixture of ibuprofen for administration to patients, since the R-isomer will be converted within the body, and producing an enantiomerically pure sample would be needlessly expensive. 5. Micellaneous Amino acid conjugation is important for metabolising, solubilising and eliminating carboxylic acids through the urine because it produces very soluble conjugates. Amino acid conjugation mechanism e.g. benzoic acid (Xu, et al., 2007): The carboxylic group of the benzoic acid is first activated by ATP to the AMP ester This is then converted to the corresponding coenzyme A thioester with CoASH. These first two steps are catalysed by acyl Coenzyme A synthase enzyme The appropriate amino acid N-acyltransferase then catalyses the condensation of amino acid and Coenzyme A thioester to form the amino acid conjugate. Methylation conjugation: Even though it is not a common reaction for most drugs and xenobiotics, it is worth mentioning methylation because it is the most common biochemical reaction for endogenous compounds such as catecholamines (Strous, et al., 2009). Methylation plays a key role in the inactivation of amines such as norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and histamine, and is also involved in the biosynthesis of epinephrine and melatonin. A source of methyl comes from the high energy nucleotide S- adenosylmethionine (SAM) which is transported by cathecol-O- methyltransferase. However, it has been reported that methylated conjugates do not have improved water solubility (a similar disadvantage to acetylation). Methylation mechanism the nucleophilic substitution of norepinephrine: The lone pair on the electronegative oxygen of norepinephrine (R-OH) attacks the CH3 of SAM The bond between the sulphur and carbon breaks (S-C) Drug Toxicity The toxicity associated with acute paracetamol overdose is due to its metabolism processes. In the human body, paracetamol is mostly metabolised 30% by the sulfation pathway, 60% via glucuronidation and the remaining 10% being either excreted unchanged in the urine or undergoing CYP450-dependent oxidation as shown in figure 5.3 to form N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) (Airpine Choonara, 2009). NAPQI contains an electronically activated ring system, capable of attacking nucleophilic molecules such as N atoms in cellular macromolecules and causing cell damage. However NAPQI will preferably attack the more nucleophilic sulphur atom of glutathione and therefore will also undergo phase II metabolism to form inactive conjugates a schematic summary of the metabolism of paracetamo In overdose situations, the glutathione supply is used up as it is conjugated with the excessive NAPQI in the system. This leaves the rest of the NAPQI free to bind irreversibly to proteins in hepatic liver cells (since P450 metabolism occurs predominantly in the liver) and this cause liver necrosis. Without the detoxification capacity of the liver, the human body will typically die within 2 weeks (Airpine Choonara, 2009). With the chemistry of paracetamol metabolism in mind, it is easier to understand why some patients are classed as â€Å"high-risk† and thus more susceptible to paracetamol overdose: Recent alcohol (ethanol) consumption causes induction of the P450 enzyme involved in the formation of the NAPQI molecule; this leads to an increased quantity of NAPQI being produced and therefore the bodys supply of glutathione for conjugation is more rapidly used up leading to toxicity. Other drugs which induce the same P450 enzymes will have the same effect. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa lead to a poor diet and therefore decreased synthesis of glutathione in vivo, so NAPQI detoxification conjugation can be overwhelmed at lower concentrations of paracetamol consumption.

Breeder’s Own Pet Foods, INC Essay

Central issue: Breeder’s Mix is a new kind of dog food and it is totally differ from traditional types dog foods, people are not familiar with this product at all. In addition, it is very difficult to predict the trend of this product. Dog food industry is considered highly potential in a mounting trend. Firstly, the dog food industry has benefited from increasing dog ownership. Secondly, pet owners continue to invest their animal companions with human qualities. Thirdly, the premium and superpremium dog food is increasing. Supermarket distribution is focused on the single largest retail channel for dog food and Boston market is ideal for launching a new dog food. There are about 50 dog food manufacturers and 350 dog food brands in the US. 5 of them accounted for 75 percent of the market share. The company is supposed to face a series of problems introducing the Breeder’s Mix to the general market, mostly due to its new form of the packaging. In addition, the price is also a big issue to be considered. Solutions: When entering the retail market, the market segment that Breeder’s Mix should be high and dog raisers who would spend more on their dogs than those dog owners who buy dry/canned/treats. The description on potential buyer scope is too large, and it can be narrowed down to niche group among those purchase expensive dog food buyers. According to the case, we can find that Boston market has a large potential. We suggest the entire campaign should be designed to accommodate product introduction inside the Boston market area. So the campaign can affect not only Boston but also the area near Boston. It’s a good preparation for our next step for geographic market extension. Recommandation: We think that target market is the most important. We segmented where  Breeder’s should be. And When it entering the retail market, we can find our position. And in this position, we can use good strategies to get more market share in Boston Market.

The Role of Color in the Art of Vincent Van Gogh - 806 Words

What role did colour play in the art of Van Gogh? When people think of Vincent van Gogh they immediately think colour. This is mostly due to his bright French Paintings, but his first paintings in the Netherlands are never thought of as colourful. This is untrue, colour was always an important element in Goghs entire lifetime of works. Even though the melancholy paintings from Holland and the glowing works from Paris seem completely different they are a result of the same theory and practise. Vincent Van Gogh was mostly self thought and began his career in art by studding nineteenth century how to draw books and copying prints he liked. He felt like he had to master drawing techniques first in order to become a great painter. Van Gogh also had the idea that he had to work with black and white before he could master colour. He focused on form and perspective sketches. When he grew strong enough at drawing he began to start using colour. He became very adventurous and his fearless colour palette developed into one of the most significant features of his later works. Van Gogh produced over 150 watercolour paintings in his short life. These didnt feature his use of texture but, they are undoubtedly his due to the recognizable use of vibrant colour. Originally he used watercolour to add shadows to his drawings but the more he worked with them the greater he got and they became finished masterpieces. After just five years of studying art Gogh felt ambitious and wanted toShow MoreRelatedThe Color in Vincent Van Gogh’s Life: An Analysis of The Sower and The Night Cafà ©1264 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved in art dealing, Vincent van Gogh was destined to have a place in the world of art. Van Gogh’s unique techniques and use of color, which clashed and differed greatly from the masters of the art world of his time, would eventually gain him the recognition as one of the founders of modern art. 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